OT: CELTS AND SALT!! Who Knew?

[Tom Dowling]

Mark Kurlansky's book SALT: A WORLD HISTORY has a short, fascinating and informative chapter that deals with the role played by the folks we have come to know as the early Celts in the mining of SALT and its widespread trade and distribution from a very early time. A quite credible connection is made between (1) mummified corpses discovered in the 1990's in and near the Tarim Basin--dating back to perhaps 2000 BC, (2) similarly preserved corpses discovered by Johann Ramsauer in the mid 1800's going back to what is known as the Hallstatt Period (700 B.C to 450 B.C and (3) similarly attired and well preserved salt miners from the 1500's in central Europe (Salzburg--get it?). A key ingredient in these connections? Brightly colored woven cloth, not unlike the plaids now associated with the Scottish Highlands!! I am not aware of any whistles having been dug up yet, but who knows?

It is an interesting read and underscores an all too true observation:"It is a sad fate for a people to be defined for posterity by their enemies. Even the name, Celt, is not from their own Indo-European language, but from Greek."

Tom D.

[pthouron]

Mark Kurlansky's book SALT: A WORLD HISTORY has a short, fascinating and informative chapter that deals with the role played by the folks we have come to know as the early Celts in the mining of SALT and its widespread trade and distribution from a very early time. A quite credible connection is made between (1) mummified corpses discovered in the 1990's in and near the Tarim Basin--dating back to perhaps 2000 BC, (2) similarly preserved corpses discovered by Johann Ramsauer in the mid 1800's going back to what is known as the Hallstatt Period (700 B.C to 450 B.C and (3) similarly attired and well preserved salt miners from the 1500's in central Europe (Salzburg--get it?). A key ingredient in these connections? Brightly colored woven cloth, not unlike the plaids now associated with the Scottish Highlands!! I am not aware of any whistles having been dug up yet, but who knows?

It is an interesting read and underscores an all too true observation:"It is a sad fate for a people to be defined for posterity by their enemies. Even the name, Celt, is not from their own Indo-European language, but from Greek."

Tom D.

Second the motion: the book is awesome.

[Flyingcursor]

Very good book. I read it in February. I was even more impressed with the bamboo brine pipes in China. Like a giant roller coaster.

[Turner]

Somthing else which may interest you Tom, it not quite on the subject of Salt mining, but the roots of ancient Scots/Celts. (Sorry its a long post)

OUR ANCIENT COUSINS THE BERBERS by J. M. McGill, F.S.A. Scot.
Sometime at the end of the fourteenth, or it may have been in the early fifteenth century, a ship was wrecked on a spit of sand jutting out from the Moroccan Atlantic coast. The sole survivor scrambled ashore and fell into the hands of the Berbers whose clan name was the Beni M'Touga, and who inhabited that part of the country. The Berbers spared his life, which was unusual clemency on their part as they had a hatred for all strangers.

The shipwrecked man who was a Scot, and whose name was either MacDougal or MacDowall (most likely the latter), was an expert in metalwork, settled down among the natives and taught them many useful arts, including working in metals. He lived for many years with this tribe, who venerated his superior knowledge to such an extent that on his death they raised a monument over his tomb, which is known and worshipped to this day as the shrine of "Sidi Magdool".

During the course of the years, a seaport was built on the spit of sand where the shipwreck occurred, and this was named after him, but the name was gradually corrupted by Europeans into "Mogador".

What was the reason for the unusual friendliness of these wild Berber tribesmen towards a shipwrecked sailor? One of the first steps towards amity between strangers is a knowledge of each other's languages and that is what most probably saved MacDowall. You may wonder how he knew the Berber tongue! As he was an expert in metalwork, he was most likely a passenger on the shipwrecked vessel and not one of the crew, as his calling was not of very much use for employment in a wooden ship; therefore it was unlikely that he gained a knowledge of their language by previous contact with them as a sailor. Besides, the language of the sea-ports in that part of the world was Arabic, which is entirely different to the native Berber tongue known as "Shluh" . The explanation may lie in the following extraordinary statement which was made by Colonel W.G. Macpherson of the Army Medical Corps. ........ "When I was in Morocco City in 1891. I met a Gaelic-speaking missionary doctor who had come out there and went into the interior, where Shluh is the language spoken in the Sous country, just as it is the language of the Cis-Atlas country. He told me that the words seemed familiar to him, and after listening to the natives speaking among themselves found they were speaking a Gaelic dialect, much of which he could follow. The medical missionary told me he recognized the Shluh language as Celtic. Although he had no previous knowledge of it, and had no conception of its being allied to Gaelic, he found himself able to understand much of what was being said the first time he went among the tribes, solely on account of the resemblance of they language to his own Gaelic. This confirmed my own observations regarding the names of the Berber tribes, I myself, had come across, namely, the Beni M'Tir, the Beni M'Touga and the Beni M'Ghill is simply the Arabic for 'children of' and is tacked on by the Arabs to the M' of the Berbers which means 'sons of', and is exactly the same as the Gaelic Mac or Mc. Hence the M'Tir, M'Touga and M'Ghill become in our country MacTiers, MacDougalls and MacGills."

At the Pan-Celtic Congress held in Edinburgh in Sept. 1907, Dr. George Mackay read a paper on these remarkable experiences of the missionaries. It caused a sensation in the local press at the time but, as far as I can discover, no further investigations were made.

The shipwrecked man MacDowall was probably a Gaelic speaker. The fact that he and the Berbers understood each other may explain why he was not killed by them, and also that his name has similar to their clan name. This conjecture of mine may be very near the truth.

Apart from the fact that the Berber-Shluh language is a Gaelic dialect, the Berbers are a highly interesting people. The majority of them are a tall, white-skinned, fair haired race with blue or grey eyes, and Professor Hooten of Harvard the famous American Anthropologist did not hesitate to say that there were more "pure Nordics" in Barbary than in Germany.

Alan Houghton Brodick, in his book "North Africa", p.20, mentions that in the countryside of Northern Morocco, "you are astonished at the number of men (and women for they often go unveiled) who might pass for Scots among a populaton that sometimes looks more northern than southern European".

There is still another interesting point about these tribes. They live a clan life and are known by their clan names just as the Highlanders of our own country once lived. They have feuds among themselves and unite against a common enemy. They are essentially mountaineers, and that is probably the main reason why their language has been preserved, and why they are so independent.

The ancestors of the Beni M'Ghill furnished the contingents with which the Moors conquered Spain, and the Beni M'Touga was one of the clans who controlled the Atlas passes and levied toll upon all who passed.

The tribes have a high reputation for valour, and at one time were at war with all outsiders; yet it is said, and has been proved, that if you gain their confidence and friendship, they are as kind and hospitable as our own kith and kin.

Many theories have been put forward as to the origin of these peoples, and I should like to add mine to the list, but with a different slant, and with a few historical facts from which the reader may chose his own ideas on the subject.

In "The Races of Man", A.C. Haddon states - "They are undoubtedly the descendants of the races known to the Greeks and Phoenicians under the generic name of Libyans. The Kabyles of the hills between Algiers and Bougie, and the Shawia of the Aures Mountains are very similar to one another and may be taken as typical Berbers. They are distinctly white-skinned, even when sunburned. Usually they have black hair and brown or hazel eyes, some have yellow hair and blue eyes. In the royal necropolis of Thebes of about 1300 B.C., certain Libyans are depicted as having a white skin, blue eyes and fair beards. Blonds are represented on Egyptian monuments from 1700 B.C. and were noted by the Greeks in the fourth century B.C. In the east the blonds have quite died out, but there are patches of this race in the west of North Africa. This fair race still remain an unsolved problem. Some students bring them from Spain, other authors from Italy, others again from the east. Perhaps they were a sporadic invasions and formed an aristocratic class. One suggestion is that they were Proto-Nordics who formed a part of the various groups of Asiatics who raided Egypt about 1300 B.C. and moved westwards.......".

Several other authors have written in much the same strain, but none have ever thought to study the Berber language!

W.C. Mackenzie in his book "The Races of Ireland and Scotland" mentions that according to the Irish traditions, the Formorians who invaded Ireland in prehistoric times were African pirates. These pirates exacted an annual tribute, both of children and produce from the Numidians who were progenitors of the Firbolgs and the Tuatha de Danaan. Mackenzie seeks to identify the Fomorians with the Phoenicians, or a race akin to Berbers as it seems certain that the centre of dispersion of the Dolmen people was Northwest Africa.

In "Moroccan Journal", Rom Landau gives a very interesting item of history. In 1721 John Windus who was the first British traveller to visit Volubilis (a town erected in Morocco in the second century A.D. by the Romans) and to proclaim its existence to the outside world, discovered there inscriptions of 190-192 A.D., the work of one Nectorea, that mentioned a British legion then garrisoning Volubilis. At more or less the same time, a Berber legion was guarding Hadrians wall in Britain. Presumably many of the Berbers stationed there married local women or, at all events, became the fathers of children. So they must surely have left behind a streak of Berber blood, a hundredfold dilution of which might still be flowing through British veins. The corresponding and opposite exchange of stock must have taken place at Volubilis, but this stock is not the progenitors of the present day fair-skinned blue or grey eyed Berbers as they were already in the country many centuries before this period.

According to history, when the Romans garrisoned southern Scotland, the subjects inhabiting Galloway and Dumfries and known as the Attecotti were far from being submissive and peace-loving. Although under Roman rule they were constantly at war with their neighbours the Brigantes, and in the latter part of the fourth century, joined the Pictish invaders in harassing the legions. The revolt was crushed by Theodosius, and, as a precautionary measure, a large number of the able-bodied men was sent into exile as auxiliary levies of the Roman army in Gaul and Spain, and no doubt some of them found their way to Barbary where they would meet their distant cousins the Berbers: but this still does not explain how the Berbers spoke a Gaelic dialect.

The works by the erudite Professor L.A. Waddell may hold the key to the puzzle. He says in his book ''Phoenician Origin of the Britons, Scots and Anglo-Saxons" that the ascertained traditional British Chronicles state that the Briton colonists began with the arrival of King Brutus-the-Trojan with their wives and families in a great fleet from the Mediterranean about 1103 B.C. and his occupation of Albion. These Phoenicians were Aryan in race, speech and script and were of vast antiquity dating back from their testimony in their own still existing inscribed monuments to about 3100 B.C.

It is quite possible that these peoples travelled overland along the north coast of Africa and settled for a time in Barbary before crossing the Straits of Gibraltar to Spain where they embarked for Britain. Some of them may have preferred to stay in Barbary, and the present day Berbers are their descendants. This would account for their Gaelic which is Aryan in origin, and also for their fair complexion According to the ancient Books of Ballymote and Lecan, the Scots in about 400 B.C. under the leadership of Partolan, arrived from Spain and colonized and civilized Ireland. Their tribal name was "Gioln" which is not far removed from "Ghill''. If we add the Berber prefix it becomes M'Ghill. Spain is next door to Barbery and would shorten the sea voyage to Ireland, and they would have the prevailing western wind to help them on their way to join their kindred who had preceded them so many centuries previously.

A map of Morocco compiled by the Intelligence Department of the War Office in 1889 showed that in the neighbourhood of Fez there were two large districts, the one westwards, and the other almost due south bearing the names of M'Tir and M'Ghill respectively. The name of the tribe in each case had been given to the district. On the same map there are two large districts lying between Morocco City and the Atlantic bearing the name of M'Touga. Morocco has greatly changed during recent years. France has now built roadways far into the Berber country and thus brought these tribes closer to modern civilization, and many of their sons are being educated in France, specialising, like the Scots, in engineering. It has been reported that before World War II, there were about 60,000 Berbers working in French factories where many of then held highly skilled jobs.

Perhaps some day in the future the puzzle of the origin of these Celtic Berbers will be solved, and this may lead to much of our ancient history, most of which is mere conjecture, having to be re-written.

Large sums of money have been spent in tracing the history of ancient Egypt and other countries in the near East, some of which could have been spent in investigating the history of the Berbers and their country. What has so far been discovered about them points to the fact that there appears to be some relationship between them and our ancestors Are they our ancient cousins?

This article was originally published in The Scottish Genealogist in April 1954.

[Zubivka]

In Guérande pæninsula, South Brittany,
where Celts stil collect salt
the Sel de Guérande
for there, salt is still "white gold"



Instead øf Swëden
...
why wouldn't you petite visite Mesquer?
...
Mesquer, its holy gøøses
...
its salt
...
Øysters
...
ITM free festival next 4, 5, 6 July

[Zubivka]

In Guérande pæninsula, South Brittany,
where Celts stil collect salt
the Sel de Guérande
for there, salt is still "white gold"



Instead øf Swëden
...
why wouldn't you petite visite Mesquer?
...
Mesquer, its holy gøøses
...
its salt
...
Øysters
...
ITM free festival next 4, 5, 6 July

[Roger O'Keeffe]

Interesting article, Turner, but I'd be inclined to take it with a grain of you-know-what. Claims like those which it makes often turn out to be somewhat exaggerated.

The Irish term for a "person of colour" [sensitive readers please insert appropriate PC term du jour] is fear gorm, which literally means "blue man", and this has been taken as evidence that the Irish were best mates with the Touareg. But there has been little or no corroborative evidence.

[Zubivka]

The Irish term for a "person of colour" [sensitive readers please insert appropriate PC term du jour] is fear gorm, which literally means "blue man", and this has been taken as evidence that the Irish were best mates with the Touareg. But there has been little or no corroborative evidence.

This having nothing to do with Scotties meeting Picts, of course?

[Chuck_Clark]

Turner's article is indeed interesting and seems plausible in a very convoluted way. Extremely convoluted explanations are often seen in nineteenth and early twentieth century anthropological theories as they struggled to fit new hypotheses into a history they already thought they "knew".

As scientific inquiry has replaced sometimes unreliable 'history', we often see that the convoluted theories aren't really necessary.

In this case, for example, research in the last few decades that traces both linguistic and archaelogical currents has shown pretty clearly that the "Proto-Celts" were real world-travelers, at least in context of their known world. Arising quite possibly on the Danube in modern Hungary, they spread across most of Western Europe, from Ireland to Spain to Italy to the Baltic. Given such a wanderlust, it would be plausible to believe that a tribe or two wandered on down into North Africa. Indeed, it is perhaps inconceivable that they wouldn't have.

I wonder if one of the musicological types among us can tell us if the Berbers or any of their close neighbors had their own form of bagpipes.

[Roger O'Keeffe]

There are certainly bagpipes in Tunisia which I tried out briefly when on holiday there a few years ago. If I remember correctly they had two parallel chanters with five holes each, playing in some sort of modal scale with a very short compass. I just doodled around on them, couldn't play anything like a tune on them.

[blackhawk]

I knew. But I'm a history buff.

[Nanohedron]

The apocryphal relationship of Berber languages to Gaelic is attractive, but checking out some sites leaves me in doubt. Then again, Tamazight and the language of the Shluh populations are not the same, although both are Berber tongues with characteristics in common. Hmmm....

Very interesting factoids: St. Augustine and Tertullien were in fact both Amazigh Berbers. Although these intellectuals published in Indo-European languages, they would certainly have spoken Tamazight as a first language.

[Bloomfield]

I think you have to be careful with this Celtic stuff, and I don't mean the salt. There is a lot of wishing and indistinct longing for a mythical grandeur that transcends the sadness of European history here. You find that longing for pre-enlightenment, non-Roman wholeness and greatness in many places, some good, some bad, but none of them historically particularly credible. For instance, when Hitler unleashed Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941 (a date chosen to coincide with the start of Napoleon's Russian campaign), and 3 million German soldiers poured east into the Soviet Union, Goebbels was sitting at home writing in his diary appalling drivel about the greatness and superiority of the Celts and the historical fulfilment of the Celtic mission in the world, and...

*barf*

[Nanohedron]

For instance, when Hitler unleashed Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941 (a date chosen to coincide with the start of Napoleon's Russian campaign), and 3 million German soldiers poured east into the Soviet Union, Goebbels was sitting at home writing in his diary appalling drivel about the greatness and superiority of the Celts and the historical fulfilment of the Celtic mission in the world, and...

*barf*

I suppose I shouldn't be surprised at that, although, historically challenged as I am, I never would have thought that a Teutonic Nazi would have co-opted Celtitude to such ends. If I recall, Germanic tribes suffered frequent enslavement during the Celtic ascendancy, and the pushing of the Celtic groups into the West was in part a result of throwing off that yoke.

On the other hand, I believe it was Adolf Hitler who made a ridiculous statement to the effect that a superior people could be known by having a preponderance of consonants in their language, and this tied in with being a cattle-herding culture. The Gaelic speakers certainly apply, and are linguistically Indo-European (read Aryan); yet how does a superior culture become oppressed and debased if it is superior? The Slavic languages are quite consonant-friendly indeed (and another Indo-European group), and yet in Mein Kampf, Hitler declared the Slavs to be subhuman, suitable for menial work until the conclusion if the Final Solution. Then it was to be their turn.

I barf with you, Bloo.

[Lorenzo]

Mark Kurlansky's book SALT: A WORLD HISTORY is indeed a 'must read' for history buffs. I borrowed the book from a friend becasue while visiting one day, I couldn't put it down. Here's a good link for salt, and which is full of other interesting links.

http://www.salt.org.il/main.htm



Thers' also a good book review with readers comments...definitely "worth it's salt"
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/ ... 69-2216957

Follow the salt, it will explain everything.